Paris -- medieval

France -- medieval -DAV- Paris - La Belle Époque -DAV- Paris -DAV- Crusade of Ashes and Blood

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Appearance

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Economy

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Geography

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The location of Paris was an important factor in its growth and strategic importance during the Middle Ages. Due to its position at the confluence of the Seine and the rivers Oise, Marne and Yerres, the city was abundantly supplied with food from the surrounding region, which was rich in grain fields and vineyards. The rivers also offered access for trading by boat with other cities in France and locations as far away as Spain and Germany. The Seine, without its stone embankments, was about twice as wide as it is today, and a tributary, the river Bièvre, entered the Seine about where the Jardin des Plantes is today. The largest island in the river, the Île de la Cité ("Island of the City"), was the easiest place to build bridges across the Seine; it became the crossing point on the important north-south trade route between Orléans and Flanders.[4] The island was also the easiest place to defend; it gave the Parisians a sanctuary when the city was attacked by the Huns in the 5th century and Vikings in the 9th century. The Roman prefects had built their residences on the west end of the island; the first royal palace was built on the same site in the early Middle Ages. The first cathedral and the residence of the bishop were built on the east end of the island at about the same time.

The Romans had built their city on the Left Bank, because it was of higher elevation and less prone to flood; the forum was located on a hill about 60 metres (200 ft) high, later called the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève after the patron saint of the city. In the early Middle Ages, the hill became the site of two important monasteries, the Abbey of Saint-Victor and the Abbey of St Genevieve, while another large and prosperous monastery, the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, was built in the fields along the Seine farther west. In the Middle Ages, the monasteries attracted thousands of scholars and students who formed colleges that became the University of Paris in the beginning of the 13th century.

The Right Bank was swampy, but it was also the best place for landing boats. The gravel beach in which the Hôtel de Ville stands today became the port and the commercial center of the city, where the central market was located. The trade route from Orléans to Flanders passed between two large buttes on the Right Bank; the same route is followed today by the trains to Brussels and Amsterdam. The Romans probably built a temple to Mercury on the highest point at 130 metres (430 ft), which they called "Mount Mercury". It was the site of the martyrdom of Saint Denis and two other missionaries and thereafter was known as the "Mountain of Martyrs" or "Montmartre". During the Middle Ages, it lay outside the city walls, and was the site of a large convent and a pilgrimage church. During the course of the Middle Ages, the swampy land on the Right Bank was filled in and most of the city's growth took place there. This geographic distribution, with the administration and the courts on the island, the merchants on the Right Bank, and the University on the Left Bank, remained largely the same throughout the history of the city down to the present day.

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History

Prehistory

In 2008, archaeologists of the Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (INRAP) (administered by France's Ministry of Higher Education and Research) digging at n° 62 Rue Henri-Farman in the 15th arrondissement, not far from the Left Bank of the Seine, discovered the oldest human remains and traces of a hunter-gatherer settlement in Paris, dating to about 8000 BC, during the Mesolithic period.

Other more recent traces of temporary settlements had been found at Bercy in 1991, dating from around 4500–4200 BC.[4] The excavations at Bercy found the fragments of three wooden canoes used by fishermen on the Seine, the oldest dating to 4800-4300 BC. They are now on display at the Carnavalet Museum. Excavations at the Rue Henri-Farman site found traces of settlements from the middle Neolithic period (4200-3500 BC); the early Bronze Age (3500-1500 BC); and the first Iron Age (800-500 BC). The archaeologists found ceramics, animal bone fragments, and pieces of polished axes. Hatchets made in eastern Europe were found at the Neolithic site in Bercy, showing that first Parisians were already trading with settlements in other parts of Europe.

The Parisii and Roman Conquest

Between 250 and 225 BC, during the Iron Age, the Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, settled on the Île de la Cité and on the banks of the Seine. At the beginning of the 2nd century BC, they built an oppidum, a walled fort, either on the Île de la Cité or nearby (no trace of it has ever been found), and they built the first bridges over the Seine. The settlement was called "Lucotocia" (according to the ancient Greek geographer Strabo) or "Leucotecia" (according to Roman geographer Ptolemy), and may have taken its name from the Celtic word lugo or luco, for a marsh or swamp. It was the easiest place to cross the Seine, and it had a strategic position on the main trade route, via the Seine and Rhône rivers, between Britain and to the Roman colony of Provence and the Mediterranean Sea. The location and the fees for crossing the bridge and passing along the river made the new town prosperous, so much so that it was able to mint its own gold coins, which were used for trade across Europe. Coins from the towns along the Rhine and Danube and even from Cádiz in Spain were found in the excavations of the ancient city.

Julius Caesar and his Roman army campaigned in Gaul between 58 and 53 BC under the pretext of protecting the territory from Germanic invaders, but in reality to conquer it and annex it to the Roman Republic. In the summer of 53 BC, he visited the city and addressed the delegates of the Gallic tribes assembled before the temple on the Île de la Cité to ask them to contribute soldiers and money to his campaign. Wary of the Romans, the Parisii listened politely to Caesar, offered to provide some cavalry, but formed a secret alliance with the other Gallic tribes, under the leadership of Vercingetorix, and launched an uprising against the Romans in January 52 BC.

Caesar responded quickly. He force-marched six legions north to Orléans, where the rebellion had begun, and then to Gergovia, the home of Vercingetorix. At the same time, he sent his deputy Titus Labienus with four legions to subdue the Parisii and their allies, the Senons. The Commander of the Parisii, Camulogene, burned the bridge that connected the oppidum to the left bank of the Seine, so the Romans were unable to approach the town. Then Labienus and the Romans went downstream, built their own pontoon bridge at Melun and approached Lutetia on the right bank. Camulogene responded by burning the bridge to the right bank and burning the town on the Île de la Cité, before retreating to the left bank and making camp at what is now Saint-Germain-des-Prés. Labienus deceived the Parisii with a clever ruse; in the middle of the night, he sent part of his army, making as much noise as possible, upstream to Melun, left his most inexperienced soldiers in their camp on the right bank, and, with his best soldiers, quietly crossed the Seine to the left bank and laid a trap for the Parisii. Camulogene, believing that the Romans were retreating, divided his own forces, some to capture the Roman camp, which he thought was abandoned, and others to pursue the Roman army. Instead, he ran directly into the best two Roman legions on the plain of Grenelle, near the site of the modern Eiffel Tower and the École Militaire. The Parisii fought bravely and desperately in what became known as the Battle of Lutetia; Camulogene was killed and his soldiers were cut down by the disciplined Romans. Despite the defeat, the Parisii continued to resist the Romans; they sent eight thousand men to fight with Vercingetorix in his last stand against the Romans at the Battle of Alesia.

Roman Lutetia

The Romans built an entirely new city as a base for their soldiers and the Gallic auxiliaries intended to keep an eye on the rebellious province. The new city was called Lutetia (Lutèce) or "Lutetia Parisiorum" ("Lutèce of the Parisii"). The name probably came from the Latin word luta, meaning mud or swamp Caesar had described the great marsh, or marais, along the right bank of the Seine. The major part of the city was on the left bank of the Seine, which was higher and less prone to flood. It was laid out following the traditional Roman town design along a north-south axis (known in Latin as the cardo maximus). On the left bank, the main Roman street followed the route of the modern day Rue Saint-Jacques. It crossed the Seine and traversed the Île de la Cité on two wooden bridges: the "Petit Pont" and the "Grand Pont" (today's Pont Notre-Dame). The port of the city, where the boats docked, was located on the island where the parvis of Notre Dame is today. On the right bank, it followed the modern Rue Saint-Martin. On the left bank, the cardo was crossed by a less-important east-west decumanus, today's Rue Cujas, Rue Soufflot and Rue des Écoles.

The city was centered on the forum atop the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève between the Boulevard Saint-Michel and the Rue Saint-Jacques, where the Rue Soufflot is now located. The main building of the forum was one hundred meters long and contained a temple, a basilica used for civic functions and a square portico which covered shops. Nearby, on the slope of the hill, was an enormous amphitheatre built in the 1st century AD, which could seat ten to fifteen thousand spectators, though the population of the city was only six to eight thousand. Fresh drinking water was supplied to the city by an aqueduct sixteen kilometres long from the basin of Rungis and Wissous. The aqueduct also supplied water to the famous baths, or Thermes de Cluny, built near the forum at the end of the 2nd century or beginning of the 3rd century. Under Roman rule, the town was thoroughly Romanised and grew considerably.

Besides the Roman architecture and city design, the newcomers imported Roman cuisine: modern excavations have found amphorae of Italian wine and olive oil, shellfish, and a popular Roman sauce called garum. Despite its commercial importance, Lutetia was only a medium-sized Roman city, considerably smaller than Lugdunum (Lyon) or Agedincum (Sens), which was the capital of the Roman province of Lugdunensis Quarta, in which Lutetia was located.

Christianity was introduced into Paris in the middle of the 3rd century AD. According to tradition, it was brought by Saint Denis, the Bishop of the Parisii, who, along with two others, Rustique and Éleuthère, was arrested by the Roman prefect Fescennius. When he refused to renounce his faith, he was beheaded on Mount Mercury. According to the tradition, Saint Denis picked up his head and carried it to a secret Christian cemetery of Vicus Cattulliacus about six miles away. A different version of the legend says that a devout Christian woman, Catula, came at night to the site of the execution and took his remains to the cemetery. The hill where he was executed, Mount Mercury, later became the Mountain of Martyrs ("Mons Martyrum"), eventually Montmartre. A church was built on the site of the grave of St. Denis, which later became the Basilica of Saint-Denis. By the 4th century, the city had its first recognized bishop, Victorinus (346 AD). By 392 AD, it had a cathedral.

Late in the 3rd century AD, the invasion of Germanic tribes, beginning with the Alamans in 275 AD, caused many of the residents of the Left Bank to leave that part of the city and move to the safety of the Île de la Cité. Many of the monuments on the Left Bank were abandoned, and the stones used to build a wall around the Île de la Cité, the first city wall of Paris. A new basilica and baths were built on the island; their ruins were found beneath the square in front of the cathedral of Notre Dame. Beginning in 305 AD, the name Lutetia was replaced on milestones by Civitas Parisiorum, or "City of the Parisii". By the period of the Late Roman Empire (the 3rd-5th centuries AD), it was known simply as "Parisius" in Latin and "Paris" in French.

From 355 until 360, Paris was ruled by Julian, the nephew of Constantine the Great and the Caesar, or governor, of the western Roman provinces. When he was not campaigning with the army, he spent the winters of 357-358 and 358-359 in the city living in a palace on the site of the modern Palais de Justice, where he spent his time writing and establishing his reputation as a philosopher. In February 360, his soldiers proclaimed him Augustus, or Emperor, and for a brief time, Paris was the capital of the western Roman Empire, until he left in 363 and died fighting the Persians. Two other emperors spent winters in the city near the end of the Roman Empire while trying to halt the tide of Barbarian invasions: Valentinian I (365-367) and Gratian in 383 AD.

The gradual collapse of the Roman empire due to the increasing Germanic invasions of the 5th century, sent the city into a period of decline. In 451 AD, the city was threatened by the army of Attila the Hun, which had pillaged Treves, Metz and Reims. The Parisians were planning to abandon the city, but they were persuaded to resist by Saint Geneviève (422-502). Attila bypassed Paris and attacked Orléans. In 461, the city was threatened again by the Salian Franks led by Childeric I (436-481). The siege of the city lasted ten years. Once again, Geneviève organized the defense. She rescued the city by bringing wheat to the hungry city from Brie and Champagne on a flotilla of eleven barges. She became the patron saint of Paris shortly after her death.

In 481, the son of Childeric, Clovis I, just sixteen years old, became the new ruler of the Franks. In 486, he defeated the last Roman armies, and became the ruler of all of Gaul north of the Loire River. With the consent of Geneviève, he entered Paris. He was converted to Christianity by his wife Clotilde, was baptised at Reims in 496 and made Paris his capital in 508

See: Lutetia -- The Gallo-Roman city of Lutetia (also Lutetia Parisiorum in Latin, in French Lutèce) was the predecessor of present-day Paris.

From Clovis to the Capetian Kings

Clovis I and his successors of the Merovingian dynasty built a host of religious edifices in Paris: a basilica on the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève, near the site of the ancient Roman Forum; the cathedral of Saint-Étienne, where Notre Dame now stands; and several important monasteries, including one in the fields of the Left Bank that later became the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. They also built the Basilica of Saint-Denis, which became the necropolis of the kings of France. None of the Merovingian buildings survived, but there are four marble Merovingian columns in the church of Saint-Pierre de Montmartre. The kings of the Merovingian dynasty were buried in the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des Prés, however Dagobert I, the last king of the Merovingian dynasty, who died in 639, was the first Frankish king to be buried in the Basilica of Saint-Denis.

The kings of the Carolingian dynasty, who came to power in 751, moved the Frankish capital to Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) and paid little attention to Paris, though King Pepin the Short did build an impressive new sanctuary at Saint-Denis, which was consecrated in the presence of Charlemagne on 24 February 775.

In the 9th century, the city was repeatedly attacked by the Vikings, who sailed up the Seine on great fleets of Viking ships. They demanded a ransom and ravaged the fields. In 857, Björn Ironside almost destroyed the city. In 885-886, they laid a one-year siege to Paris and tried again in 887 and in 889, but were unable to conquer the city, as it was protected by the Seine and the walls of the Île de la Cité. The two bridges, vital to the city, were additionally protected by two massive stone fortresses, the Grand Châtelet on the Right Bank and the "Petit Châtelet" on the Left Bank, built on the initiative of Joscelin, the bishop of Paris. The Grand Châtelet gave its name to the modern Place du Châtelet on the same site.

At the end of the 10th century, a new dynasty of kings, the Capetians, founded by Hugh Capet in 987, came to power. Though they spent little time in the city, they restored the royal palace on the Île de la Cité and built a church where the Sainte-Chapelle stands today. Prosperity returned gradually to the city and the Right Bank began to be populated. On the Left Bank, the Capetians founded an important monastery: the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. Its church was rebuilt in the 11th century. The monastery owed its fame to its scholarship and illuminated manuscripts.

The Middle Ages

At the beginning of the 12th century, the French kings of the Capetian dynasty controlled little more than Paris and the surrounding region, but they did their best to build up Paris as the political, economic, religious and cultural capital of France. The distinctive character of the city's districts continued to emerge at this time. The Île de la Cité was the site of the royal palace, and construction of the new Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris began in 1163. The Left Bank (south of the Seine) was the site of the new University of Paris established by the Church and royal court to train scholars in theology, mathematics and law, and the two great monasteries of Paris: the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés and the Montagne Sainte-Geneviève. The Right Bank (north of the Seine) became the center of commerce and finance, where the port, the central market, workshops and the houses of merchants were located. A league of merchants, the Hanse parisienne, was established and quickly became a powerful force in the city's affairs.

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Politics

Between 996 and 1031, Robert the Pious named the first Prévôt, or Royal Provost of Paris, to be the administrator of the city. Originally, the position was purchased for a large sum of money, but after scandals during the reign of Louis IX caused by provosts who used the position to become rich, the position was given to proven administrators. The provost lived in the Grand Châtelet fortress. He combined the positions of financial manager, chief of police, chief judge and chief administrator of the city, though the financial management position was soon taken away and given to a separate Receveur de Paris. [39] For his role in administering justice, he had a lieutenant for civil law, one for criminal law, and one for minor infractions. He also had two "examiners" to carry out investigations.

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Population

There are no reliable figures for the population of Paris from before 1328, when an official count was made of the number of parishes in the kingdom of France and the number of feux, or households, in each parish. Paris was reported to contain thirty-five parishes and 61,098 households: estimating three and a half people per household, the population of the city would have been at least two hundred thousand persons. Other historians, using the same data, have estimated the population at between 220,000 and 270,000.

The Bubonic plague struck Paris for the first time in 1348 and returned frequently. Due to the plague and the outbreak of the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War in 1407, the population fell to about one hundred thousand by 1422. Following the end of the wars, the population increased quickly; by 1500, the population had reached about 150,000.

In the Middle Ages, Paris was already attracting immigrants from the provinces of France and other countries of Europe. A study of the names in the Livres des Tailles, or parish records, between 1292 and 1313 showed 155 persons listed as L’Anglois (an Englishman); 144 called Le Breton (a Breton), plus forty-seven from Burgundy, forty-four from Normandy, forty-two from Picardy, thirty four from Flanders, and twenty-eight from Lorraine. In addition, there were many more from the cities and towns of the Paris basin.

• Likely Population, 1100 A.D.: 100,000 +

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Citizens of Paris

Frankish Men

• Arculf --
• Bernard --
• Bernardus --
• Cheldric --
• Clodomir --
• Gedalbertus --
• Remacle --
• Walaric --
• Warmann --
• Wido --

Frankish Women

• Adallinda --
• Adeltrudis --
• Bava --
• Ereprad --
• Faileuba --
• Godecin --
• Irmgard --
• Landburuga --
• Uda --
• Willelda --

Clergy

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Source

http://www.fantasynamegenerators.com/frankish-names.php

Craftsmen

• Saint Vengeurs Grecs --
• Versters Lalomb --Book binder

Criminals

• Déodat Pape --
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Crusaders

• Peter of Amiens -- Leader of the People's Crusade
• Walter Sans Avoir -- He was the lord of Boissy-sans-Avoir in the Île-de-France and lieutenant to Peter the Hermit.

Patriciate

• Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse -- Pope Urban II's appointed steward of the crusade.
• Adhemar of Le Puy -- Pope Urban II's appointed spiritual leader of the crusade.
• Peter Bartholomew -- a soldier and mystic from France who was part of the First Crusade as part of the army of Raymond of Saint-Gilles.
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Students

• Peter Abelard -- (1079 – 21 April 1142) was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian, and preeminent logician.[2] His love for, and affair with, Héloïse d'Argenteuil has become legendary.

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Festivities

The Life of people during the Middle ages was dictated by the changes in the season. The different seasons and months of the year were celebrated with Religious Feasts and Festivals - the Middle Ages holidays. The religion of Christianity had been established in England during the Dark Ages. In the Middle Ages, following the Norman conquest, new stone churches and cathedrals were built. Middle Ages Holidays marked an event of religious importance for every month of the year. The rural population of the Middle Ages had their days of rest and amusement, Middle Ages holidays were then much more numerous than at present. At that period the festivals of the Church were frequent and rigidly kept, as each of them was the pretext for a forced holiday from manual labor.

• Twelfth Night (January) -- Religious festival and feasts celebrating the visit of the Wise Men, or Magi, following the birth of Jesus.
• St Valentine's Day (February) -- The Medieval festival celebrating love - singing, dancing and pairing games.
• Carnival (Late February - Early March) --
• Easter (March) -- Easter celebrated by the Mystery plays depicting the crucifixion.

Lent (40 days)

Ash Wednesday (start of Lent)

Holy Week (last week of Lent before Easter)

Good Friday (end of Lent)

Easter Sunday

• All Fool's Day (April) -- The Jesters, or Lords of Misrule, took charge for the day and caused mayhem with jokes and jests!
• May Day (May) -- May Day was a spring festival celebrating May Day when a Queen of the May was chosen and villagers danced around the maypole.
• Midsummer Eve (June) -- Midsummer Eve, the Mummers entertained at the 'Festival of Fire' reliving legends such as St George and the Dragon. Bones were often burned leading to the term 'bonfire'. The summer Solstice was June 23rd.
• St. Swithin's Day (July) -- St. Swithin's Day falls on 15th July. Legend says that during the bones of St Swithin were moved and after the ceremony it began to rain and continued to do so for forty days.
• Lammas Day (August) -- Lammas Day was celebrated on August 2nd. The ' loaf-mass ' day, the festival of the first wheat harvest of the year. Houses were sometimes decorated with garlands and there were candle lit processions.
• Michaelmas (September) -- The 29th September was when Michaelmas celebrated the life of St Michael and the traditional food on Michaelmas was goose or chicken.
• St Crispin's Day (October) -- October 25th celebrating St Crispin's Day. Revels and bonfires and people acted as 'King Crispin' .
• All Souls Day (November) -- The Day of the Dead - All Souls Day or All Hallow's Day ( Halloween ) when revels were held and bonfires were lit.
• Christmas (December) -- December 25 is celebrated as the birthday of Christ.

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Fortifications

Palais de la Cité

The Roman governors of Lutetia (=Lutèce), the ancient predecessor of modern Paris, maintained their residence on the western end of the Île de la Cité, where the Palais de Justice stands today. A castle was built on the same site in the early Middle Ages. After Hugh Capet was elected King of the French on 3 July 987, he resided in this castle, but he and the other Capetian kings spent little time in the city, and had other royal residences in Vincennes, Compiegne and Orleans. The administration and archives of the kingdom travelled wherever the king went.

Robert the Pious, who ruled from 996 to 1031, stayed in Paris more often than his predecessors. He rebuilt the old castle, making it a walled rectangle 110 by 135 meters in size, with numerous towers and massive central tower, or donjon, and added a chapel named for Saint Nicholas. However, it was not until the 12th century and the reigns of Louis VI (1108-1137) and Louis VII of France (1137-1180) that Paris became the principal residence of the kings, and the term Palais de la Cité (or "Royal Palace") was commonly used. Philip II (1180-1223) placed the royal archives, the treasury and courts within the royal palace, and thereafter the city functioned, except for brief periods, as the capital of the kingdom of France.

The Walls of Paris

The borders of Paris were defined in the Middle Ages by a series of walls. During the Merovingian era of Frankish rule (481-751 AD), the Île de a Cité had ramparts, and some of the monasteries and churches were protected by wooden stockades walls, but the residents of the Left and Right Banks were largely undefended. When Vikings and other invaders attacked, the residents of Paris took sanctuary on the island. The first city wall was built on the Right Bank in the 11th century; it was about 1700 meters long and protected an area of the Right Bank from about the modern Hôtel de Ville to the Louvre. It had about thirty towers and four to six gates. The much smaller population of the Left Bank was unprotected.

By 1180, the city had grown to 200 hectares. To give all Parisians a sense of security, King Philip II decided to build a new wall entirely around the city. Work began between 1190 and 1208 on the Right Bank and 1209 and 1220 on the Left Bank. The new wall was 5,400 meters long (2800 on the Right Bank and 2600 on the Left Bank), with ten gates and seventy-five towers, and surrounded about 273 hectares, including much land that was still gardens and pastures. Portions of this wall can still be seen in the Le Marais district and other neighborhoods today. The city continued to grow rapidly, particularly on the Right Bank to fill in the vacant tracts within the new wall and spill beyond it. Between 1358 and 1371, Charles V built another new wall 4900 meters long to enclose 439 hectares. Most of this wall was on the Right Bank; on the slower-growing Left Bank, the king simply repaired the old wall of Philip II. This new wall included a powerful new fortress at the eastern edge of the city at the Porte Saint-Antoine called the Bastille. These walls were modified to make them more resistant to a new strategic weapon of the Middle Ages, the cannon, and no new walls were built until the 16th century.

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Inns

• The Beggar and Wain -- {Poor}
• The Crack Flagon -- {Poor}
• The Broken Fang -- {Common}
• The Crossed Staves -- {Common}
• The Jovial Fox -- {Good}
• The Flying Horse -- {Good}

Source

https://donjon.bin.sh/fantasy/inn/

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Law & Lawlessness

The provost lived in the Grand Châtelet fortress. He combined the positions of financial manager, chief of police, chief judge and chief administrator of the city, though the financial management position was soon taken away and given to a separate Receveur de Paris. [39] For his role in administering justice, he had a lieutenant for civil law, one for criminal law, and one for minor infractions. He also had two "examiners" to carry out investigations.

The streets of Paris were particularly dangerous at night because of the absence of any lights. As early as 595 AD, Chlothar II, King of the Franks, required that the city have a guet, or force of watchmen, to patrol the streets. It was manned by members of the métiers, the trades and professions in Paris, who served in rotations of three weeks. This night watch was insufficient to maintain security in such a large city, so a second force of guardians was formed whose members were permanently stationed at key points around Paris. The two guets were under the authority of the Provost of Paris and commanded by the Chevalier du guet.

La Veille (the day watch) is commanded by Maurice Rijnders, a knight of medium station. An older man, Chevalier Rijnders is a stickler for rules and proper dress. Much more station and propriety conscience than his night shift compatriot, Rijnders believes in the superiority of horse soldiers. While proud of his station, he wishes for a promotion to the cavalry.

La Veille de Nuit is commanded by Rein Aurèle Bertrand, a hardened man who was a long time foot soldier. Grizzled and broad of body, he is never the less an imposing man who is savvy and hard to get around. Paid off by several thieves guilds, Bertrand is known to be ruthless in pursuit of anyone who hasn't bought Indulgence from him. His full mustache and heavy eye brows always give him the look of full suspicion, leaving even the relative innocent to be sure that he suspects them of some crime. While it is mostly the job of the night watch to put out fires and assist in the safety of the city, they are charged with also tentatively protecting the innocent of the city.

There are four chevaliers du feu (knights of the fire watch) who command different garrisons around the city.

• Amand Yann Gros commands the garrison that protects the Ile de la Cite. (The 1st Guet)
• Elouan "Toussaint" Lebeau commands north of the river on the east. (2nd Guet)
• Thibault "Sacha" Aartsma commands north of the river on the west side of the city. (3rd Guet)
• Age Barnabé Sauvageon commands south of the river, in old Lutecia.(4th Guet)

Each Veille has ten men attached. They are fiercely independent and proud.

Prisoners are taken to the watch houses in the appropriate areas of the city, excepting that the prisoners of the 1st Guet would go directly into the Conciergerie.

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Monuments

Amphitheaters

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Ludus of Paris

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Aqueducts

The Lutetia Aquaduct runs south from Paris, rising as it travels. It brings water to the Thermes baths, and a few other buildings along the way.

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Catacombs of Paris

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Cemeteries

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Columns

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Hospitals

According to tradition, the first Paris hospital, the Hôtel Dieu, was founded in 651 by Saint Landry, the Bishop of Paris. It was first mentioned in texts in 829. It was located on the southern side of the Île de la Cité between the river and the parvis of Notre Dame, which gave it direct access to the river for drinking water, washing sheets, disposing of waste, and transporting patients. It was staffed by religious orders and was usually crowded, with two or three patients in a bed. Medical care as we know it today was minimal, but patients did receive careful attention, food, water, clean sheets, and there were regular religious services every day.

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Objects of Mystery

~ Medieval Loculus

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Markets

In the early Middle Ages, the principal market of Paris was located on the parvis (square) in front of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame. Other markets took place in the vicinity of the two bridges, the Grand Pont and the Petit Pont, while a smaller market called Palu or Palud, took place in the eastern neighborhood of the city.

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Private Residences

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Taverns

• Le Citron Perdu (burned down)

• Platinum Kestrel

• Parish Kestrel

• The University

• Brewhouse And Den

• Terrier And Reins

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Religion

Roman Catholic Paris

While the seat of royal power during the Middle Ages was on the west end of the Île de la Cité, the center of religious authority was at the east end of the island, in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, the cloisters of Notre-Dame, the school of the Cathedral, and the residence of the Bishop of Paris, next to the cathedral. The Catholic Church played a prominent role in the city throughout the Middle Ages; it owned a large part of the land and wealth, was the creator of the University of Paris and was closely linked to the king and the government. Clerics also made up a significant part of the population; in 1300, the Bishop of Paris was assisted by 51 chanoines (canons), and each of the thirty-three parish churches had its own curé (curate), vicar, and chaplains. There were thousands of monks and nuns in the eighty-eight convents and monasteries, numerous beguines and religious orders, and there were about three thousand students who had taken religious orders and were considered clerics. Altogether, there were about 20,000 member of religious orders in the city, or about ten percent of the population, in the year 1300.

The Cathedral of Notre Dame

According to tradition, Paris was converted to Christianity in about 250 AD by Saint Denis, a bishop sent to Christianize Gaul by Pope Fabian. He was martyred and buried at Saint-Denis, where a basilica was founded to mark his grave. The first Christian church is believed to have been built where Notre Dame Cathedral is today, on the site a Roman temple to Jupiter; stones from the Roman temple were found beneath the choir of Notre Dame when the choir was renovated in 1711 and are now on display in the Cluny Museum. The first Christian church on the site is believed to have been dedicated in 375 to Saint Étienne (Saint Stephen) and was located where the sacristy of the Cathedral is today. Saint Genevieve was said to have gathered the faithful inside the cathedral when the city was threatened by Germanic invaders. In 528, King Childebert I constructed a new cathedral, called Notre-Dame, next to the church of Saint-Étienne. Twelve stones from the seats of the ancient Roman amphitheater were found in the foundations of the church.

The School of Notre Dame

The cloister of Notre-Dame occupied the whole area of the island to the north of the cathedral; it was not a cloister in the traditional sense, but a small city enclosed by a wall, where the clerical community of Notre Dame lived and worked. It also included a large garden on the eastern end of the island. In the 11th century, the first school in Paris was established there, teaching young boys reading, writing, arithmetic, the catechism, and singing. In the early 12th century, schools teaching these basic subjects were spread around the city, while the School of Notre Dame concentrated on higher education; grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic, geometry, astrology, and music.

The School of Notre Dame became famous throughout Europe; it produced seven popes and twenty-nine cardinals; the future Louis VII studied there, as did the nephews of Pope Alexander III. The teachers included Pierre Abelard, Maurice de Sully, Pierre Lombard, Saint Dominic and Saint Bonaventure. It was the dominant school in Paris until the late 12th century, when it began to be eclipsed by the new colleges established around the monasteries on the Left bank, which were not under the authority of the Bishop of Paris, but directly under the pope. In this way, the School of Notre Dame was the ancestor of the University of Paris, when it was chartered in about 1200.

Convents

Convent of Filles-Dieu -- The House of God's Girls {literal translation}

Monasteries

The first monasteries appeared in Paris during the Merovingian Dynasty (481-731 AD) and were mostly located around the Mountain of Sainte-Geneviève on the Left Bank, where the old Roman city of Lutetia was situated. The Abbey of Saint Laurent was founded in the first half of the 6th century; in the early 7th century, the Basilica of the Saints-Apôtres (the Holy Apostles), the future Abbey of Sainte-Geneviève, was established near the site of the old Roman forum on the Left Bank. Farther west on the Left Bank, Saint Germain of Paris founded the Abbey of Sainte-Croix and Saint Vincent, which after his death became the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. The abbeys were independent of the Bishop of Paris; they were governed by the pope and usually had direct connections with the king. They owned a very large part of the land of Paris, particularly on the Left Bank, and played a large part in its economic life; they produced food and wine and operated the largest commercial fairs. They also played a central role in cultural life by running all the schools and colleges and by producing works of art, especially illuminated manuscripts.

• Abbey of St Genevieve -- One of the places of new learning that will eventually become the University of Paris.
• Église de Saint-Germain-des-Prés -- One of the oldest churches in Paris and likely its wealthiest.

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Whore Houses

• Le Chaland Argenté

• La Belle Finition

• Retraite des Gentlemans

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Roman Republic Lutetia per Noctem

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Leges de Caine

"The Traditions are written for memory in English and for mood purpose in French."

La Mascarade / The Masquerade

    Vous ne révélerez pas votre vraie nature à ceux qui ne sont pas de notre Sang. Le faire revient à renoncer à 
    votre Sang.

    Thou shall not reveal thy true nature to those not of the Blood. Doing such shall renounce thy claims of Blood.

Le Domaine / The Domain

    Votre Domaine est le vôtre uniquement. Tous vous y doivent le respect. Personne ne peut défier votre parole dans votre Domaine.

    Thy domain is thy own concern. All others owe thee respect while in it. None may challenge thy word while in thy domain.

Note that this Tradition is still respected in France, but the Domains are usually reserved to high-status Kindred, like the Primogen and the Ducs. Of course, one can invoke this Tradition when defending her Haven...

La Progéniture / The Progeny

    Vous n'Infanterez qu'avec la permission de votre Ancien. Si vous Infantez sans l'autorisation de votre Ancien, 
    vous et votre Infant serez détruits.

    Thou shall only Sire another with the permission of thine elder. If you createst another without thine Elder's leave, both thou 
    and thy Progeny shall be slain.

L'Instruction / The Accounting

    Ceux et Celles que vous créez sont vos Infants. Jusqu'à ce que vos Infants soient libérés, vous les commanderez en toutes choses. 
    Leurs péchés seront aussi les vôtres, et vous en subirez les conséquences.

    Those thou create are thine own children. Until thy Progeny shall be Released, thou shall command them in all things. Their sins 
    are thine to endure.

Hospitalité / Hospitality

        Honorez le Domaine de l'autre. Quand vous entrerez dans une cité étrangère, vous vous présenterez à celui qui y règne.
        Sans son acceptation, vous n'êtes rien.

        Honor one another's domain. When thou comest to a foreign city, thou shall present thyself to the one who ruleth there.
        Without the word of acceptance, thou art nothing.

Destruction / Destruction

       Il vous est interdit de détruire l'un de vos Frères ou l'une de vos Soeurs de Sang. 
       Le Droit de Destruction n'appartient qu'à votre Ancien. Seul l'Ancien parmi les Anciens peut appeler une Chasse de Sang.

       Thou art forbidden to destroy another of thy kind. The right of destruction belongeth only to thine Elder. 
       Only the Eldest among thee shall call the Blood Hunt.

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Regis et Reginae Parisiensis (The King and Queen of Paris)

• Alexander of Paris --
• Lorraine de Amour --

Fora Sanguinis (The Courts of Blood)

• Grand Court
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De Nobili Sanguine (High Clans)

Brujah: Et Bellatorem Eruditissimo

• Delphine of Alexandria -- The Lady Sophist
• Paercebal
• Þórleikr Gundhram

Cappadocian

• Terentius Ivo

Lasombra:Per Fidum Obumbratio

• Ecliastus -- Knight of Christ

• Roanne -- Celtic Witch

Toreador: Inmortui de Rosis

• Salianna -- Queen of the Courts of Love in Paris
• Béatrix -- Childe of Salianna
• Tristan de Montruse -- Advisor to Amour
• Pétronille Katja
• Ignatz Schweitzer

Ventrue: Lutice Principes

• Alexander
  • Geoffrey du Temple
    • Justania d’Harfleur
  • Gaius Marcellus
  • Saviarre de Capeto

• Labienus (Torpor)
  • Cassius Vibianus

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Obsequitur Plebeius Sanguine (Low Clans)

Gangrel: In Animalibus Autem Ad Muros

• Diane la Nordique -- Former Valkyrie
• Alaric Caratacus
• Friduman Goteleib

Followers of Set: Voluptatis Cultu

• Theti~Sheri -- La Tentatrice (The Temptress)

• Samson Nero -- L'homme noir (The Black Man)

• Makareta-sherit -- Guardian of the Temple
• Festus Doux --

Malkavians: Quod Insaniant et Fidelis

• Antoine Le Fanu --

• Pierre L'Imbecile --

• Berethraban -- Elder of Luticia

• Angilberct Willahelm Childe of Berethraban

Nosferatu: Fili Leposi

• Phantomas --

• Childeric -- Eques ex Sanctus Lazarus
  • Nikias Maxime Clément

• Mnemach
• Archibald Gervais Nosferatu Primogen

• Drasko Radic - Childe of Archibald

Ravnos: Óriens ex Liberi

• Hector -- Praesagiunt Furem

Domus Tremere: Magi Parisiensis

LaDuke

Le Plus Bas de la Basse, Le Batards

• Emil Rueze
• Antonio Begal

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Domino et Domine Gallico (French Lords and Ladies)

• Salianna -- Queen of the Courts of Love.
• Esclarmonde la Noir -- Anglicized as Esclarmonde the Black, she was once the Queen of Love of Toulouse, until she was charged with treason in the beginning phase of the Albigensian Crusade.
• Geoffri du Temple -- Or just Geoffrey, is a fifth generation Ventrue, childe of Alexander of Paris. He will rise to the position of Prince of Paris around 1222 or 1223.
• Hélène la Juste -- She is an influential elder of the Toreador during the Dark Ages. A Queen at the Courts of Love in the region of Champagne.
• Isouda de Blaise -- She is the Cainite Queen of Anjou, Chartres, and Blois during the Dark Ages in the Courts of Love.
• Nicholas the Younger -- He was the only male Cainite ruler of the Courts of Love. The King of Poitou during the Dark Ages, he is a witty, charming, conniving, and very powerful Toreador.

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Crucesignatis (Crusaders)

• Etienne de Poitiers -- Youngest Knight and childer of Nicholas the Younger.
• Eudes de Troyes -- Brujah guardian of the Champaign Fairs and traveling Promethean.
• Portia d’Orléans -- A Brujah lady of influence.
• Saint Regis -- A Toreador monk who seeks to purify his soul.
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Incognitos (Strangers and Aliens)

• Erik Eigermann -- Celtic Methuselah and lord of Germania

• Bolverk -- The Huntsman - {Norse}

• Ilse Reinegger -- Mortal companion and potential childe

• Artemisia -- Graecas Furiis - {Turkish}
• Mercuzio Tiberus -- Thief of Golgotha & Count of Corinth
• Rambert -- The Oneiromancer {Spaniard}
• Lady Mortis

• St.Calenda's Wandering Pageant, Odeum & Lunar Fair

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Memoria pro Mortuis (Remembrances for the Dead)

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Wraiths of medieval Paris

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Storytelling Medieval Paris

Mood of Medieval Paris:

Theme of Medieval Paris: The truth has no value here.

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Stories of medieval Paris

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Websites

http://www.geocities.ws/legionsaugias/pbn/pbn_exe2.htm

https://www.liber-mundi.org/forum/trouver-une-chronique/topic5321.html

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