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List of Ancient Languages
- Ancient Greek: Used heavily in the Greek Magical Papyri, a collection of spells, hymns, and rituals from the Greco-Roman world.
- Ancient Hebrew: Integral to Kabbalistic practices, the Hebrew alphabet is considered a set of divine symbols used for invoking angels, creating talismans, and, in some contexts, binding spirits.
- Aramaic: Used in ancient Near Eastern magic, specifically in Jewish mystical texts and for writing on, or creating, magical amulets and talismans.
- Latin (ecclesiastical): The primary language of Western grimoires like The Lesser Key of Solomon (Lemegeton) and the language of Catholic exorcisms. It is frequently used for incantations due to its perceived authority.
- Old Norse / Younger Futhark: Used in Scandinavian traditions, runes were, and are, used for divination, carving spells (galldrastafir), and protection.
- Ogham: An early medieval alphabet used by Celtic druids, often linked to trees, which they used for divination and magical inscriptions.
- Sumerian & Akkadian: In Mesopotamian texts, these languages were used in cuneiform on clay tablets for incantations and to control "evil spirits".
- Coptic: A late form of Egyptian, it was used in magical papyri and by early Gnostic sects.