Difference between revisions of "Siege of Eretria"
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<span style="color:#4B0082;">''Food was prepared in the city's many homes, wealthy and poor alike, and distributed to the slowly dwindling number of defenders who were primarily clustered along the eastern and southern walls. The men slept in shifts so that the walls were never unguarded, but the number of dead and wounded was growing steadily and the only comfort to be had lay in the number of Persian casualties which were easily twice those of the Eretrians.'' | <span style="color:#4B0082;">''Food was prepared in the city's many homes, wealthy and poor alike, and distributed to the slowly dwindling number of defenders who were primarily clustered along the eastern and southern walls. The men slept in shifts so that the walls were never unguarded, but the number of dead and wounded was growing steadily and the only comfort to be had lay in the number of Persian casualties which were easily twice those of the Eretrians.'' | ||
| − | <span style="color:#4B0082;">''The remainder of the citizens of Eretria, women, children, and the elderly went about their daily duties and then gathered at the city's temples'' | + | <span style="color:#4B0082;">''The remainder of the citizens of Eretria, women, children, and the elderly went about their daily duties and then gathered at the city's temples to pray for relief from the perils of invasion. Within the temple of Athena, the old men gathered to praise the goddess and lay down in the hopes of divinely inspired strategy delivered in dreams. Further down the northern ramparts lay the Thesmorphoreion, a shrine to the goddess Demeter and her daughter Persephone, here the all the married women and mothers gathered to pray for the mercy of the mother-goddess for the sake of their children or to daughter and wife of Hades for mercy on their dead male relatives. At the temple of Dionysus and the Sebasteion, those who could afford it sought release from wine or in the pleasures of the flesh respectively. Those soldiers and warriors who revered the city's sacred hero, Heracles, and who were not needed immediately at the walls gathered at his heroön - or cult shrine to seek war born inspiration to save their city. But the majority of the city's noncombatants gathered at the Temple of Apollo Daphnephoros '' |
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Revision as of 19:23, 5 August 2020
Contents
Map of Eretria - Circa 490 B.C.
Description of Ancient Eretria
The ruins of ancient Eretria are scattered beneath the modern city, across the area reaching from the coast up to the hill at the north, where was the Acropolis. The city was protected by a strong wall, built in the archaic period and repaired in the 4th century BC. It started at the citadel and reached to the port. The western part of the wall lied just before the stream that flowed at the west end of town and at its extension there was a breakwater, which now is sunk below the sea surface. The east wall also reached to the coast and ended to a natural breakwater. Along the coast the two strands were linked with the coastal wall.
The precinct was accessible through two main gates, one on the west side and one on the east. The west gate was the oldest and largest of the city and it was constructed over the stream, along with a bridge. The space inside the wall was divided into three districts, eastern, western and north, separated by two major roads. The one road in the direction east-west connecting the two gates, while the second began around the middle of the first and drove south, at the temple of Apollo, which dominated the heart of the city. South of the temple laid the ancient market square with galleries, shops, the dome-an impressive circular building-, fountains and temples.
Adjacent to the southern, coastal walls there were baths of the 3rd century. BC, workshops, warehouses and docks, while at the southwest end of town near the harbor, laid the temple of Isis and the lower gymnasium or arena, built in the 4th century BC and repaired after 198 BC. At the foot of the Acropolis hill, near the west gate, in the Geometric, Classical and Hellenistic times the western district was formed. Along the west wall, south of the gate, majestic buildings are preserved including the memorial, rich burials of the Geometric period, the Palace I and II, grand houses built in the 4th century BC and a temple of the fifth century BC. North of the gate and the road lay the temple of Dionysus and the theater, the most impressive monument of the city, built in the 5th century BC and perfected in the fourth century BC. East of the theater there is the top high school, built in the late Classical period and repaired after 198 BC and the state, whose position is known from inscriptions and testimonies of travelers. Further north, on the hillside, was the Thesmophorion of the third century BC and the Temple of Artemis, which was older, but continued to be used until the 3rd century. BC.
Further east, at the intersection of cross street with the other, leading to the temple, you can see the ruins of the famous “house with the mosaic,” built in the fourth century BC. The house is a characteristic example of Eretrian style houses and is one of the best preserved, while a little further south at the central district you can distinct the building phases of the Geometric and Hellenistic periods as well as a part circular building with an altar, perhaps of Hercules. In this section also survives a strong wall, which served for a short period (800-700 BC) and ruled the north and northwest side of town. The area was used in Hellenistic times, while the western district was used until the Roman period. Outside the city walls were the cemeteries. On the west side lied that of archaic years and the second was located on the east.
Siege of Eretria
The battle of Eretria (490 BC) was the second and final Persian success during the campaign that ended in defeat at Marathon. During the Ionian Revolt Athens and Eretria on Euboea had offered some support to the rebels. Darius I was determined to take revenge on the Greek cities, and in 492 he sent an army along the land route through Thrace. This expedition, commanded by his son-in-law Mardonius, restored Persian control over Thrace and forced the Macedonians to submit, but the fleet was then destroyed in a storm while sailing around Mt Athos and Mardonius was forced to retreat (Greco-Persian Wars).
After this setback Darius ordered the construction of a fleet of horse transports. In 490 he raised a new army, and placed Datis the Mede and Artaphrenes son of Artaphernes, a nephew of Darius, in command of the expedition. This time the Persians planned to use the sea route across the Aegean. They left Samos and crossed the sea via Icaria, Naxos and Delos. They then landed at the eastern end of Euboea, where they were held up for a period by the refusal of Carystus to submit. After a short siege Carystus surrendered, and the Persians sailed around the Euboean coast, landing at Tamynae, Choereae and Aegilia, east of the city.
While the Persians had been crossing the Aegean, the Eretrians had asked for help from Athens, and debated how to defend their city. The Athenians offered them 4,000 men from Chalcis. The debate was less clear-cut. One faction wanted to retreat into the Euboean hills. Another wanted to defend the city. A third wanted to surrender to the Persians.
As a result of this confusion the Athenian contingent decided to return to the mainland, possibly following advice from Aeschines, son of Nothon, one of the Eretrian leaders.
At Eretria the faction that had decided to defend the city won the debate. According to Herodotus a six day long battle raged, either outside the city or as a siege with the Eretrians defending the walls. He describes their plan as to meet the Persians in battle outside the city and to defend their walls, so either is possible.
The city finally fell because of treachery on the part of two Eretrian leaders, Euphorbus son of Alcimachus and Philagrus son of Cyneas.
The Persians sacked Eretria, destroying the religious sanctuaries. They justified this as revenge for the destruction of the sanctuaries at Sardis in 498 during the Ionian Revolt, although this may well have been accidental. The population of Eretria was enslaved, although when they finally arrived in Persia Darius is said to have relented and settled them at Cissia, quite close to Susa.
The Persians rested for a few days after the fall of Eretria, and then turned south and sailed across to the mainland, landing at Marathon, in the north-east of Attica. The Athenians reacted by rushing their army to Marathon, where they went on to inflict a heavy defeat on the Persians. The Persians made a brief attempt to attack Athens directly, but then retreated back across the Aegean.
Story Outline
- Prologue - Eretria, Greece - 490 B.C. The prologue is broken into three parts surrounding the sacking of Eretria by the Persian forces of Darius I.
- Chapter 1 - Paris, 1900, Ostanes awakens at the Exposition Universal.
- Introduction of Henry Stern
- Finis -- Paris, 1904.
Cast of Characters
- Artaphernes son of Artaphernes -- Achaemenid prince and a nephew of the Achaemenid king of Persia, Darius I, son of Artaphernes (brother of Darius) the satrap of Lydia from the capital of Sardis, and a Persian general. He was appointed, together with Datis, to take command of the expedition sent by Darius to punish Athens and Eretria for their support for the Ionian Revolt. Artaphernes and Datis besieged and destroyed Eretria, but were beaten by the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaphernes_(son_of_Artaphernes)
- Aeschines, son of Nothon --
- Darius the Great --
- Datis -- was a Median admiral who served the Persian Empire, under Darius the Great. He was an expert in Greek affairs and maintained connections with Greek officials. He is noted for his joint leadership with the younger Artaphernes of the Persian forces in the first campaign of the Persian Wars against the Greeks. His earlier career is not known. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datis
- Euphorbus son of Alcimachus -- One of those who open the gates of Eretria.
- Hippias of Athens -- was born c. 547 BC and was one of the sons of Peisistratos, and was the last tyrant of Athens between about 527 BC and 510 BC, when Cleomenes I of Sparta successfully invaded Athens and forced Hippias to leave Athens. Hippias, the aged ex-tyrant of Athens, is on one of the Persian ships in the hope of being restored to power in Athens. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippias_(tyrant)
- Ostanes -- A sorcerer, some say a magian, who is said to have accompanied the Persian invasion of Greece.
- Phidieas --
- Phylagras, son of Cyneas -- One of those who open the gates of Eretria.
- Persian Immortals -- The Immortals (Ancient Greek: Ἀθάνατοι Athánatoi) also known as the Persian Immortals was the name given by Herodotus to an elite heavily-armed infantry queued unit of 10,000 soldiers in the army of the Achaemenid Empire. This force performed the dual roles of both Imperial Guard and standing army. The force consisted mainly of Persians, but also included Medes and Elamites. Essential questions regarding the unit remain unanswered, because authoritative sources are missing. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortals_(Achaemenid_Empire)
- Theiea of Sardis -- A beautiful young daughter of a an aristocrat, embarrassed and raped in Sardis, she is looking to get even with the Greeks for her shame. [1]
Prologue
Day 7 of Amurdād (5th month) - 1111 B.P. / 21st day of Hekatombaion - 72nd Olympiad, year 3 / 1st day - 6th month - Ab urbe condita 264 / August 1st - 490 BC
Part 1
Night had fallen over the island of Euboea and from above the city of Eretria bore a trapezoidal outline illuminated by torches and watch-fires. The night sky was dusted with a wide band of cold and uncaring stars and in the east a dark new moon rose above the horizon. The night winds blew south many miles from mount Dirfi, arid and smelling of pine, and it flickered the fires of the soldiers all along the defensive parameter.
From the battlements the soldiery and citizen defenders could see the countless cook fires of the enemy encampment nestled in the low Euboean hills above the captured villages of Tamynae, Choereae and Aegilia where the Persian fleet had originally landed six days ago. Of the fleet itself, there was no sign, either the sailors had dowsed all their lights or the fleet had withdrawn a significant distance from the ensuing siege.
The defenders were weary from the day's long battle which had begun at dawn and ended at dusk. Bodies and minds were worn down by the constant fear, in the case of the noncombatants, and the numerous attempts of the Persians to breach the walls with regards to the defenders. In the slowly fading twilight, archers from the city's walls brought merciful death to the wounded and dying who lay within bow range. For those who lay beyond, the night would be long and filled with suffering, and the ignoble death of being devoured by beasts.
In addition to the beasts of the wild that would be drawn to the smell of blood and the scent of decay, the setting sun would unleash the night-breed, creatures such as the Lamia - dead women cursed to forever hunger for the blood of men, Mormo - damned souls of the dead bound in service to Hecate the three-fold queen, and Vrykolatios - those living men who would don the skins of canines and who continually hungered for human flesh. Under the dark of the moon, these monsters would gather, each seeking a different kind of sustenance derived from human suffering. Overwhelmingly the screams of those so gorged upon along with the reverberations of an esurient battlefield banquet left the defenders sick with horror and impotent to aid either enemy or ally.
Food was prepared in the city's many homes, wealthy and poor alike, and distributed to the slowly dwindling number of defenders who were primarily clustered along the eastern and southern walls. The men slept in shifts so that the walls were never unguarded, but the number of dead and wounded was growing steadily and the only comfort to be had lay in the number of Persian casualties which were easily twice those of the Eretrians.
The remainder of the citizens of Eretria, women, children, and the elderly went about their daily duties and then gathered at the city's temples to pray for relief from the perils of invasion. Within the temple of Athena, the old men gathered to praise the goddess and lay down in the hopes of divinely inspired strategy delivered in dreams. Further down the northern ramparts lay the Thesmorphoreion, a shrine to the goddess Demeter and her daughter Persephone, here the all the married women and mothers gathered to pray for the mercy of the mother-goddess for the sake of their children or to daughter and wife of Hades for mercy on their dead male relatives. At the temple of Dionysus and the Sebasteion, those who could afford it sought release from wine or in the pleasures of the flesh respectively. Those soldiers and warriors who revered the city's sacred hero, Heracles, and who were not needed immediately at the walls gathered at his heroön - or cult shrine to seek war born inspiration to save their city. But the majority of the city's noncombatants gathered at the Temple of Apollo Daphnephoros
Part 2
The tent of Prince Artaphernes was situated at the center of the Persian encampment that lay a quarter of a league from the walls of Eretria. The prince's tent was the largest of all those that surrounded it and none could rival it for splendor as it was made of the finest carnelian silk brought at great expense from the lands of the utter east. The interior was illuminated by golden lanterns that hung from the central post that was carved in representation of Darius, Artaphernes uncle and the Persian King of Kings.
Part 3
Plumes of fire and smoke rose into the dark sky
Sources
Ancient Measurements
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_units_of_measurement
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_units_of_measurement
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_calendars
Biographical
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaphernes
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaphernes_(son_of_Artaphernes)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardiya
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croesus
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Great
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datis
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippias_(tyrant)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortals_(Achaemenid_Empire)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magi
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostanes
Geographic
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eretria
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euboea
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Road
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardis
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa
Historical
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- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/490_BC
- Rickard, J (21 May 2015), Battle of Eretria, 490 BC , http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_eretria_490.html
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Eretria
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- https://www.antikekunst.org/en/publications/excavation-reports/esag/
- https://www.esag.swiss/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/ESAG-Public-Report-2019-gr-eng.pdf
- https://www.esag.swiss/eretria/
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- http://www.cig-icg.gr/content/bound-eretria-ancient-argilos-25-thessaloniki
- https://www.whitman.edu/theatre/theatretour/eretria/maps/eretria.htm
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eretria
- https://www.greeceme.com/eretria.html
Mythological
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeter
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis
Occult
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0355987/mediaviewer/rm4292178176
