Japan - Revision history

Bruce: /* Yōkai */

2023-11-11T04:12:42Z

Yōkai

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:12, 10 November 2023
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	== Supernaturals ==		== Supernaturals ==
	=== Yōkai ===		=== Yōkai ===
	Yōkai (妖怪, "strange apparition") are a class of supernatural entities and spirits in Japanese folklore. The word yōkai is composed of two kanji characters which both mean "suspicious, doubtful" and while it may be regarded as a loanword from the Chinese term ''yaoguai'', the word yōkai has taken on multiple different meanings peculiar in Japanese context.		'''Yōkai''' (妖怪, "strange apparition") are a class of supernatural entities and spirits in Japanese folklore. The word yōkai is composed of two kanji characters which both mean "suspicious, doubtful" and while it may be regarded as a loanword from the Chinese term ''yaoguai'', the word yōkai has taken on multiple different meanings peculiar in Japanese context.

	Yōkai are also referred to as ''ayakashi'' (あやかし), ''mononoke'' (物の怪) or ''mamono'' (魔物). Despite often being translated as such, yōkai are not literally demons in the Western sense of the word, but are instead spirits and entities, and they can be viewed as ''kami'', although this comparison is more often applied to actively "antagonistic" yōkai. Their behavior can range from malevolent or mischievous to benevolent to humans.		Yōkai are also referred to as ''ayakashi'' (あやかし), ''mononoke'' (物の怪) or ''mamono'' (魔物). Despite often being translated as such, yōkai are not literally demons in the Western sense of the word, but are instead spirits and entities, and they can be viewed as ''kami'', although this comparison is more often applied to actively "antagonistic" yōkai. Their behavior can range from malevolent or mischievous to benevolent to humans.

Bruce: /* Type */

2023-11-11T04:06:42Z

Type

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:06, 10 November 2023
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	* yuki no ke (snow)		* yuki no ke (snow)
	* oto no ke (sound)		* oto no ke (sound)
	* dōbutsu no ke (animals, either real or imaginary)		* dōbutsu no ke (animals, either real or imaginary): [[Kaibyō]]

	== Sources ==		== Sources ==

Bruce: /* Sources */

2023-11-11T04:02:41Z

Sources

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:02, 10 November 2023
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	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai


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Bruce: /* Type */

2023-11-11T04:00:20Z

Type

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 ** Object
 ** Natural phenomenon
 == Sources ==

Bruce: /* Type */

2023-11-11T03:55:05Z

Type

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:55, 10 November 2023
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	* Categories based on a yōkai's "true form":		* Categories based on a yōkai's "true form":
	** Human		** Human
	Animal		** Animal
	Plant		** Plant
	Object		** Object
	Natural phenomenon		** Natural phenomenon

	== Sources ==		== Sources ==

Bruce: /* Concept */

2023-11-11T03:54:10Z

Concept

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:54, 10 November 2023
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	Over time, phenomena and events thought to be supernatural became fewer and fewer, with the depictions of yōkai in picture scrolls and paintings beginning to standardize, evolving more into caricatures than fearsome spiritual entities. Elements of the tales and legends surrounding yōkai began to be depicted in public entertainment, beginning as early as the Middle Ages in Japan. – During and following the Edo period, the mythology and lore of yōkai became more defined and formalized.		Over time, phenomena and events thought to be supernatural became fewer and fewer, with the depictions of yōkai in picture scrolls and paintings beginning to standardize, evolving more into caricatures than fearsome spiritual entities. Elements of the tales and legends surrounding yōkai began to be depicted in public entertainment, beginning as early as the Middle Ages in Japan. – During and following the Edo period, the mythology and lore of yōkai became more defined and formalized.

			==== Type ====
			The folklorist Tsutomu Ema studied the literature and paintings depicting yōkai and henge (変化, lit. 'changed things/mutants'), dividing them into categories as presented in the Nihon Yōkai Henge Shi and the Obake no Rekishi:

			* Categories based on a yōkai's "true form":
			** Human
			Animal
			Plant
			Object
			Natural phenomenon

	== Sources ==		== Sources ==

Bruce: /* Supernaturals */

2023-11-11T03:49:39Z

Supernaturals

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:49, 10 November 2023
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	Japanese folklorists and historians explain yōkai as personifications of "supernatural or unaccountable phenomena to their informants". In the Edo period, many artists, such as Toriyama Sekien, invented new yōkai by taking inspiration from folk tales or purely from their own imagination. Today, several such yōkai (such as the amikiri) are mistakenly thought to originate in more traditional folklore.		Japanese folklorists and historians explain yōkai as personifications of "supernatural or unaccountable phenomena to their informants". In the Edo period, many artists, such as Toriyama Sekien, invented new yōkai by taking inspiration from folk tales or purely from their own imagination. Today, several such yōkai (such as the amikiri) are mistakenly thought to originate in more traditional folklore.

			==== Concept ====
			The concept of yōkai, their causes and phenomena related to them varies greatly throughout Japanese culture and historical periods; typically, the older the time period, the higher the number of phenomena deemed to be supernatural and the result of yōkai. According to Japanese ideas of animism, spirit-like entities were believed to reside in all things, including natural phenomena and objects. Such spirits possessed emotions and personalities: peaceful spirits were known as nigi-mitama, who brought good fortune; violent spirits, known as ara-mitama, brought ill fortune, such as illness and natural disasters. Neither type of spirit was considered to be yōkai.

			One's ancestors and particularly respected departed elders could also be deemed to be nigi-mitama, accruing status as protective spirits who brought fortune to those who worshipped them. Animals, objects and natural features or phenomena were also venerated as nigi-mitama or propitiated as ara-mitama depending on the area.

			Despite the existence of harmful spirits, rituals for converting ara-mitama into nigi-mitama were performed, aiming to quell maleficent spirits, prevent misfortune and alleviate the fear arising from phenomena and events that otherwise had no explanation. The ritual for converting ara-mitama into nigi-mitama was known as the chinkon (鎮魂, lit. 'the calming of the spirits' or 'reqiuem'). Chinkon rituals for ara-mitama that failed to achieve deification as benevolent spirits, whether through a lack of sufficient veneration or through losing worshippers and thus their divinity, became yōkai.

			Over time, phenomena and events thought to be supernatural became fewer and fewer, with the depictions of yōkai in picture scrolls and paintings beginning to standardize, evolving more into caricatures than fearsome spiritual entities. Elements of the tales and legends surrounding yōkai began to be depicted in public entertainment, beginning as early as the Middle Ages in Japan. – During and following the Edo period, the mythology and lore of yōkai became more defined and formalized.

	== Sources ==		== Sources ==

Bruce: /* Sources */

2023-11-11T03:40:04Z

Sources

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:40, 10 November 2023
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	== Sources ==		== Sources ==
	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan

			https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai
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	~~"The Magister 20:21, 10 November 2023 (MST)"~~

	~~"The Magister 20:22, 10 November 2023 (MST)"~~

Bruce: /* Military */

2023-11-11T03:38:15Z

Military

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:38, 10 November 2023
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	== Military ==		== Military ==

			== Supernaturals ==
			=== Yōkai ===
			Yōkai (妖怪, "strange apparition") are a class of supernatural entities and spirits in Japanese folklore. The word yōkai is composed of two kanji characters which both mean "suspicious, doubtful" and while it may be regarded as a loanword from the Chinese term ''yaoguai'', the word yōkai has taken on multiple different meanings peculiar in Japanese context.

			Yōkai are also referred to as ''ayakashi'' (あやかし), ''mononoke'' (物の怪) or ''mamono'' (魔物). Despite often being translated as such, yōkai are not literally demons in the Western sense of the word, but are instead spirits and entities, and they can be viewed as ''kami'', although this comparison is more often applied to actively "antagonistic" yōkai. Their behavior can range from malevolent or mischievous to benevolent to humans.

			Yōkai often have animal like features (such as the kappa, depicted as appearing similar to a turtle, and the ''tengu'', commonly depicted with wings), but may also appear humanoid in appearance, such as the ''kuchisake-onna''. Some yōkai resemble inanimate objects (such as the ''tsukumogami''), while others have no discernible shape. Yōkai are typically described as having spiritual or supernatural abilities, with shapeshifting being the most common trait associated with them. Yōkai that shapeshift are known as ''bakemono'' (化け物) or ''obake'' (お化け).

			Japanese folklorists and historians explain yōkai as personifications of "supernatural or unaccountable phenomena to their informants". In the Edo period, many artists, such as Toriyama Sekien, invented new yōkai by taking inspiration from folk tales or purely from their own imagination. Today, several such yōkai (such as the amikiri) are mistakenly thought to originate in more traditional folklore.

	== Sources ==		== Sources ==

Bruce at 03:22, 11 November 2023

2023-11-11T03:22:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:22, 10 November 2023
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	"The Magister 20:21, 10 November 2023 (MST)"		"The Magister 20:21, 10 November 2023 (MST)"

			"The Magister 20:22, 10 November 2023 (MST)"