Berlin 1933

Germany -x- Berlin -x- Alternative Berlin

Präludium: A City's Journey into Darkness

At the end of World War I, monarchy and aristocracy was overthrown and Germany became a republic, known as the Weimar Republic. Berlin remained the capital, but faced a series of threats from the far left and far right.

In late 1918 politicians inspired by the Communist Revolution in Russia founded the Communist Party of Germany (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, KPD). In January 1919 it tried to seize power in the Spartacist revolt). The coup failed and at the end of the month right-wing Freikorps forces killed the Communist leaders Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht.

In March 1920 Wolfgang Kapp, founder of the right wing German Fatherland Party (Deutsche Vaterlands-Partei), tried to bring down the government. The Berlin garrison chose his side, and the government buildings were occupied (the government had already left Berlin). A general strike stopped the putsch being successful.

In October 1, 1920: The Greater Berlin Act created "Greater Berlin" (Groß-Berlin) by incorporating several neighboring towns and villages like Charlottenburg, Köpenick or Spandau from the Province of Brandenburg into the city; Berlin's population doubled overnight from about 2 to nearly 4 million inhabitants.

In 1922: The foreign minister Walther Rathenau was murdered in Berlin, and half a million people attended his funeral.

The economic situation was bad. Germany owed reparation money after the Treaty of Versailles. The sums were reduced and paid using loans from New York banks. In response to French occupation, the government reacted by printing so much money that inflation was enormous. Especially pensioners lost their savings; everyone else lost their debts. At the worst point of the inflation one dollar was worth about 4.2 trillion marks. From 1924 onwards the situation became better because of newly arranged agreements with the allied forces, American help, and a sounder fiscal policy. The heyday of Berlin began. It became the largest industrial city of the continent. People like the architect Walter Gropius, physicist Albert Einstein, painter George Grosz and writers Arnold Zweig, Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Tucholsky made Berlin one of the major cultural centers of Europe. Brecht spent his last years in the Weimar-era Berlin (1930–1933) working with his ‘collective’ on the Lehrstücke. Night life bloomed in 1920s Berlin.

In 1922, the railway system, that connected Berlin to its neighboring cities and villages was electrified and transformed into the S-Bahn, and a year later Tempelhof airport was opened. Berlin was the second biggest inland harbor of the country. All this infrastructure was needed to transport and feed the over 4 million Berliners.

Before the 1929 crash, 450,000 people were unemployed. In the same year Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party won its first seats in the city parliament. Nazi Propaganda chief Joseph Goebbels became Gauleiter (party district leader) of Berlin in 1926. On July 20, 1932, the Prussian government under Otto Braun in Berlin was dismissed by presidential decree. The republic was nearing its breakdown, under attack by extreme forces from the right and the left. On January 30, 1933, Hitler became Chancellor of Germany.

Quote

"We like our Berlin immensely -- an ugly place it must be to anyone who comes to it hipped or solitary..." -- George Elliot

Appearance

Climate

Berlin has a Maritime temperate climate according to the Köppen climate classification system. There are significant influences of mild continental climate due to its inland position, with frosts being common in winter and there being larger temperature differences between seasons than typical for many oceanic climates. Summers are warm and sometimes humid with average high temperatures of 22–25 °C (72–77 °F) and lows of 12–14 °C (54–57 °F). Winters are cool with average high temperatures of 3 °C (37 °F) and lows of −2 to 0 °C (28 to 32 °F). Spring and autumn are generally chilly to mild. Berlin's built-up area creates a microclimate, with heat stored by the city's buildings and pavement. Temperatures can be 4 °C (7 °F) higher in the city than in the surrounding areas.

Annual precipitation is 570 millimeters (22 in) with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Snowfall mainly occurs from December through March.

Calendars

Demonym

Berliner

Economy of Nazi Germany

The German economy, like those of many other western nations, suffered the effects of the Great Depression with unemployment soaring around the Wall Street Crash of 1929. When Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, he introduced policies aimed at improving the economy of Nazi Germany. The changes included privatization of state industries, autarky, and tariffs on imports. Wages increased by 10.9% in real terms during this period. However, reduced foreign trade meant rationing in consumer goods like poultry, fruit, and clothing for many Germans.

By the early 1940s, over 500 companies in key German industries had been nationalized, mostly accomplished through the creation of the Reichswerke Hermann Göring in 1937. Multi-national industries in occupied territory were particularly targeted for state ownership, where the Reichswerke absorbed between approximately “50 – 60 per cent” of heavy industry in Czech and slightly less in Austria. The Göring industrial empire was a major attempt towards “restricting private industrial capitalism and substituting a ‘völkisch’, state-run industrial economy.”

In 1934 Hjalmar Schacht, the Reich Minister of Economics, introduced the Mefo bills, allowing Germany to rearm without spending Reichsmarks but instead paying industry with Mefo bills (Government IOU's) which they could trade with each other. Between 1933 and 1939 the total revenue amounted to 62 billion marks, whereas expenditure (at times comprising up to 60% rearmament costs) exceeded 101 billion, thus causing a huge deficit and national debt (reaching 38 billion marks in 1939 and coinciding with Kristallnacht [November 1938] and with intensified persecutions of Jews and the outbreak of World War II.) By 1938 unemployment was practically extinct.

Geography

Verwaltungsbezirke: The Greater Berlin Act

he Greater Berlin Act (German: Groß-Berlin-Gesetz), in full the Law Regarding the Reconstruction of the New Local Authority of Berlin (German: Gesetz über die Bildung einer neuen Stadtgemeinde Berlin), was a law passed by the Prussian government in 1920 that greatly expanded the size of the German capital of Berlin.

History

Berlin had been part of the Province of Brandenburg since 1815. On 1 April 1881, the city became Stadtkreis Berlin, a city district separate from Brandenburg. The Greater Berlin Act was passed by the Prussian parliament on 27 April 1920 and came into effect on 1 October of the same year. The region then termed Greater Berlin acquired territories from the Province of Brandenburg and consisted of the following:

• -- Alt-Berlin -- The old city of Berlin.
• -- The severn towns that surrounded Berlin: Charlottenburg, Köpenick, Lichtenberg, Neukölln, Schöneberg, Spandau and Wilmersdorf.
• -- Fifty-nine rural communities and twenty-seven estate districts from the surrounding districts of Niederbarnim, Osthavelland and Teltow.
• -- The grounds of the Berliner Stadtschloss (which curiously, until this point, formed an estate district in its own right).

The act increased the area of Berlin 13-fold from 66 km² (25.5 mi²) to 883 km² (341 mi²) and the population doubled from approximately 1.9 million to near 4 million, with almost 1.2 million of these new inhabitants coming from the 7 surrounding towns alone.

Greater Berlin

Greater Berlin was then sub-divided into 20 boroughs (Verwaltungsbezirke):

• -- Alt-Berlin (Mitte, Tiergarten, Wedding, Prenzlauer Berg, Kreuzberg and Friedrichshain)
• -- The seven previously independent towns (Charlottenburg, Köpenick, Lichtenberg, Neukölln, Schöneberg, Spandau and Wilmersdorf).
• -- The seven new boroughs created from the remaining added areas, each named after the largest village in the area at the time (Pankow, Reinickendorf, Steglitz, Tempelhof, Treptow, Weißensee and Zehlendorf).

Through this law, it became possible to implement integrated town planning across the whole of Greater Berlin. With this, the act was an important foundation for the rise of Berlin to a cultural centre of Europe in the 1920s.

Terminology

• -- Verwaltungsbezirke -- A borough of Berlin. (Short form: Bezirke)
• -- Ortsteile -- A sub-districts or neighborhood of Berlin.
• -- Kiez -- The smaller residential areas or quarters which commonly make up the sub-districts. The term Kiez is from the Berlin dialect.

Each borough is governed by a borough council (Bezirksamt) consisting of five councilors (Bezirksstadträte) including the borough mayor (Bezirksbürgermeister). The borough council is elected by the borough assembly (Bezirksverordnetenversammlung). The boroughs of Berlin are not independent municipalities. The power of borough administration is limited and subordinate to the Senate of Berlin. The borough mayors form the council of mayors (Rat der Bürgermeister), led by the city's governing mayor, which advises the senate. The neighborhoods have no local government bodies.

Boroughs

Alt-Berlin

• -- Mitte 1933 --
• -- Tiergarten 1933 --
• -- Wedding 1933 --
• -- Prenzlauer Berg 1933 --
• -- Kreuzberg 1933 --
• -- Friedrichshain 1933 --

The Seven Formerly Independent Towns

• -- Charlottenburg 1933 --
• -- Köpenick 1933 --
• -- Lichtenberg 1933 --
• -- Neukölln 1933 --
• -- Schöneberg 1933 --
• -- Spandau 1933 --
• -- Wilmersdorf 1933 --

The Seven New Boroughs

• -- Pankow 1933 --
• -- Reinickendorf 1933 --
• -- Steglitz 1933 --
• -- Tempelhof 1933 --
• -- Treptow 1933 --
• -- Weißensee 1933 --
• -- Zehlendorf 1933 --

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Berlin Heute und Berlin Morgen: The Approaching Storm

By 1931, the Great Depression had severely damaged the city's economy. Politics were in chaos, as militias controlled by the Nazis and the Communists fought for control of the streets. President Hindenburg made Hitler Chancellor in January 1933, and the Nazis quickly moved to take complete control of the entire nation. On February 27, 1933 a left-wing radical was alleged to have set afire the Reichstag building (a fire which was later believed to have been set by the Nazis themselves); the fire gave Hitler the opportunity to set aside the constitution. Tens of thousands of the political opponents fled into exile, or were imprisoned. All civic organizations, except the churches, came under Nazi control.

Around 1933, some 160,000 Jews were living in Berlin: one third of all German Jews, 4% of the Berlin population. A third of them were poor immigrants from Eastern Europe, who lived mainly in the Scheunenviertel near Alexanderplatz. The Jews were persecuted from the beginning of the Nazi regime. In March, all Jewish doctors had to leave the Charité hospital. In the first week of April, Nazi officials ordered the German population not to buy from Jewish shops.

The 1936 Summer Olympics were held in Berlin and used as a showcase for Nazi Germany (though the Games had been given to Germany before 1933). In order to not alienate the foreign visitors, the "forbidden for Jews" signs were temporarily removed.

Nazi rule destroyed Berlin's Jewish community, which numbered 160,000 before the Nazis came to power. After the pogrom of Kristallnacht in 1938, thousands of the city's Jews were imprisoned. Around 1939, there were still 75,000 Jews living in Berlin. The majority of German Jews in Berlin were taken to the Grunewald railway station in early 1943 and shipped in stock cars to death camps such as the Auschwitz, where most were murdered in the Holocaust. Only some 1200 Jews survived in Berlin by hiding.

Thirty kilometers (19 mi) northwest of Berlin, near Oranienburg, was Sachsenhausen concentration camp, where mainly political opponents and Russian prisoners of war were incarcerated. Tens of thousands died there. Sachsenhausen had subcamps near industries, where the prisoners had to work. Many of these camps were in Berlin.

Population

• -- City (4,242,501) - June 16, 1933 census

Arenas

• -- Olympiastadion (Olympic Stadium)

Attractions

• -- Kroll Opera House -- The Kroll Opera House (German: Krolloper) was an opera building located in the central Tiergarten district on the western edge of the Königsplatz square (today Platz der Republik), facing the Reichstag building.

Cabaret Culture

Weimar cabaret was a feature of late 1920s Germany, which has become known for its high living, vibrant urban life and the popularization of new styles of music and dance. Having previously lived under authoritarian government, where entertainment and social activities were tightly regulated, many Germans thrived on the relaxed social attitudes of Weimar. The influx of American money and the economic revival of the mid to late 1920s encouraged celebration, spending and decadence. According to some historians, this extravagance may have been driven by a realization that this prosperity was both artificial and temporary. Many Germans spent big and partied hard, aware that both the economy and the government were destined to fail. The late Weimar era was one of liberal ideas, new forms of expression and hedonism (pleasure-seeking). Weimar music, dance and entertainment was criticized by radicals on both sides of politics. The socialists believed it represented the wastefulness of capitalism; right-wing groups and reactionaries claimed it was evidence of weak government, resulting in moral decay and corruption.

The late Weimar era, or ‘Golden Age of Weimar’, was particularly known for its cabarets. Most cabarets were restaurants or nightclubs where patrons sat at tables and were entertained by a procession of singers, dancers and comedians atop a small stage. Cabaret was in fact a French invention that dated back to the 1880s. Perhaps the most famous of all French cabarets, the Moulin Rouge, was notorious for allowing lewd dancing and employing prostitutes as dancers and waitresses. The German form, "Kabarett," was at first more conservative and low-key. Berlin’s first cabaret nightclub dated back to 1901, however during the reign of Kaiser Wilhelm II, German cabarets were not permitted to perform or promote bawdy humor, provocative dancing or political satire.

After World War I cabarets became enormously popular across Europe – and nowhere were they more popular than Germany. The Weimar government’s lifting of censorship saw German cabarets transform and flourish. Entertainment in the cabaret of Berlin, Munich and other cities was soon dominated by two themes: sex and politics. Stories, jokes, songs and dancing were laced with sexual innuendo. As the 1920s progressed this gave way to open displays of nudity, to the point where most German cabarets had at least some topless dancers. Some cabarets were patronised by gay men, lesbians and transvestites; once forced to conceal their sexuality, they seized upon the liberality of the cabaret scene to openly display and discuss it. The reactionaries and wowsers loathed it, of course. The Austrian writer Stefan Zweig condemned Berlin’s cabaret scene, and the effect it was having on the nation’s social fabric:

"Berlin transformed itself into the Babel of the world. Germans brought to perversion all their vehemence and love of system. Made-up boys with artificial waistlines promenaded along the Kurfiirstendamm … Even [ancient] Rome had not known orgies like the Berlin transvestite balls, where hundreds of men in women’s clothes and women in men’s clothes danced under the benevolent eyes of the police. Amid the general collapse of values, a kind of insanity took hold of precisely those middle-class circles which had hitherto been unshakeable in their order. Young ladies proudly boasted that they were perverted; to be suspected of virginity at sixteen would have been considered a disgrace in every school in Berlin."

The cabarets also provided Germans with an outlet for political views and criticism. A good deal of the stand-up comedy on cabaret stages was done by ‘political humourists’, who ridiculed all points along the political spectrum. Their mockery, parody and satire was ‘anything goes’; no leader, party, policy or idea was spared. Some of it was personal rather than political: Friedrich Ebert was mocked for his weight, while the appearance and mannerisms of Nazi leader Adolf Hitler were ridiculed during the late 1920s. But some cabaret performers asked more substantial political questions. One asked ‘How socialist is the Social Democratic Party?’ while another queried whether Germany was really a republic or was still being run by aristocrats and industrialists. Many comperes and comedians harked back to the ‘good old days’ of imperial Germany: when taxes were low, bread was cheap and meat was plentiful. Cabaret songs often contained a political subtext. Mischa Spoliansky’s popular tune, It’s All A Swindle (1931), was a typical example:

"Politicians are magicians"
"Who make swindles disappear"
"The bribes they are taking"
"The deals they are making"
"Never reach the public’s ear"
"The left betrays, the right dismays"
"The country’s broke – and guess who pays?"
"But tax each swindle in the making"
"Profits will be record breaking"
"Everyone swindles some"
"So vote for who will steal for you."

Source: J. Llewellyn et al, “Weimar cabaret”, Alpha History, 2014, accessed [12-30-16], [1].

Kabarett of Note

• -- Weisse Maus -- The Weisse Maus, the White Mouse was perhaps one of the most genuine cabarets of 1920s Berlin, starring the infamous Anita Berber. This striking redhead was the darling of Berlin nightlife. Not only a daring exotic stage dancer and silent film star, she was a fashion trend setter. After closing her shows at night, she was known to go out in her sumptuous mink coats, utterly naked underneath.

Citizens of the City

The Nazi Party

Adolf Hitler -- "Chancellor of Germany - 1933"

Eva Braun -- "Hitler's Mistress - 1933"

Joseph Goebbels -- "Reich Minister of Propaganda - 1933"

Magda Goebbels -- A prominent member of the Nazi Party and wife of Nazi Germany's Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels - 1933

Hermann Goering -- "President of the Reichstag - 1933"

Emmy Sonnemann -- "Prominent actress at the National Theatre in Weimar - 1933"

Rudolf Hess -- "Deputy Führer - 1933"

Heinrich Himmler -- "Reichsführer-SS - 1933"

Karl Wolff -- "SS-Oberführer - 1933"

150px Martin Bormann -- "Personal Secretary to the Deputy Führer - 1933"

150px Robert Ley -- "Head of the German Labour Front - 1933"

150px Wilhelm Keitel -- - 1933

150px Josef Dietrich -- - 1933

150px Ernst Röhm -- - 1933

150px Reinhard Heydrich -- SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Polizei (Senior Group Leader and Chief of Police) - 1933

150px Adolf Eichmann -- - 1933

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Other German Citizens

• -- German Citizen - 1933 -- Character Prototype

Paul von Hindenburg -- The second President of Germany from 1925–34 - 1933

Franz von Papen -- He served as Chancellor of Germany in 1932 and as Vice-Chancellor under Adolf Hitler - 1933

150px Marlene Dietrich -- - 1933

Bernhard Weiß -- Deputy Police Chief of Berlin - 1933

150px Erich Raeder -- Admiral and Commander-in-Chief of the Reichsmarine - 1933

150px Erich Ludendorff -- - 1933

150px August von Mackensen -- - 1933

150px Max Schreck -- - 1933

150px Brigitte Helm -- - 1933

150px Leni Riefenstahl -- - 1933

150px Richard Strauss -- - 1933

150px Josef Mengele -- Todesengel (Angel of Death) - 1933

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Mortal Time-Travelers

Fünf Schicksale: "Five travelers from the future returned to the past and altered the history of Germany at its most critical moment. But which five?"

150px Cassandra von Siekert -- Brazilian Heiress - 1933

Morgan Eberhardt -- Dark Magician - 1933

150px Brian Portner -- Norse Occultist - 1933

Jason Mayer -- South German Gunsmith - 1933

150px Brenda Messerli -- Dark Spiritualist - 1933

Luitgard Brun -- - 1933

Manuel Mueller -- - 1933

Andreas Strobel -- - 1933

Elias Weigand -- - 1933

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German Intelligence

• -- Auswärtiges Amt -- The Federal Foreign Office, abbreviated AA, is the foreign ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany, a federal agency responsible for both the country's foreign politics and its relationship with the European Union. It is a cabinet-level ministry.

Holy Ground

• -- Berliner Dom -- is the short name for the Evangelical Supreme Parish and Collegiate Church (German: Oberpfarr- und Domkirche zu Berlin) in Berlin, Germany. It is located on Museum Island in the Mitte borough. The current building was finished in 1905 and is a main work of Historicist architecture of the "Kaiserzeit".

Hotels & Hostels

• -- Hotel Adlon -- The legendary original Hotel Adlon was one of the most famous hotels in Europe.
• -- Hotel Kaiserhof -- Hotel Kaiserhof was a luxury hotel in Wilhelmplatz, it was Berlin's first "grand hotel" and a popular hangout for prominent Nazis from the 1920s -1940s.
• -- Hotel Esplanade Berlin -- Hotel Esplanade once stood on Berlin’s busy transport and nightlife hub Potsdamer Platz. During its colourful and turbulent history it went from being one of the German capital’s most luxurious and celebrated hotels to a bombed-out ruin lost in the wastelands alongside the Berlin Wall.
• -- Hotel Excelsior -- Hotel Excelsior occupied number 112/113, Königgrätzer Straße (today’s Stresemannstrasse) on Askanischer Platz in the Berlin district of Kreuzberg. It was once one of the largest and most luxurious hotels in Europe but its destruction during World War II resigned it to the German capital's list of lost historical landmarks.

Landmarks

• -- Reichstagsgebäude -- The Reichstag building is a historical edifice constructed to house the Imperial Diet (German: Reichstag), of the German Empire.
• -- Prinz-Albrecht-Straße -- is a street in Berlin, then named Prinz Albrecht Straße, it is best known for having been the location of the headquarters of the Reich Main Security Office, SD, Gestapo and the SS in Nazi Germany.

Mass Media

Newspapers

Museums

• -- Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum -- The museum was designed by architect Ernst von Ihne and completed in 1904. Originally called the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum after Emperor Frederick III, the museum was renamed in honour of its first curator, Wilhelm von Bode, in 1956.

Shopping

• -- Tietz Department Store --
• -- Kaufhaus des Westens --

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Die Erwachten: The Awakened of Germany

Die Untoten: The Kindred of Berlin

Die Gesetze der Nacht: The Traditions

The First Tradition: The Masquerade
Thou shall not reveal thy nature to those not of the Blood. Doing so shall renounce thy claims of Blood.

The Second Tradition: The Domain
Thy domain is thine own concern. All others owe thee respect while in it. None may challenge thy word while in thy domain.

The Third Tradition: The Progeny
Thou shall sire another only with the permission of thine elder. If thou createst another without thine elder's leave, both thee and thy progeny shall be slain.

The Fourth Tradition: The Accounting
Those thou create are thine own childer. Until thy progeny shall be released, thou shall command them in all things. Their sins are thine to endure.

The Fifth Tradition: Hospitality
Honor one another's domain. When thou comest to a foreign city, thou shall present thyself to the one who ruleth there. Without the word of acceptance, thou art nothing.

The Sixth Tradition: Destruction
Thou art forbidden to destroy another of thy kind. The right of destruction belongeth only to thine elder. Only the eldest among thee shall call the blood hunt.

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Brujah

[[ |100px]] Isabella Correlli -- '	Dieter Kotlar -- Der Krieger (The Warrior)
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Gangrel

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Malkavian

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Nosferatu

Melitta Wallenberg -- Die verführerische Kanalratte	Ellison Humboldt -- Die Wahrheit in den Mauern
Ugly Rasputin -- Die unaufhaltsamen Wut	Amelia -- Die weinende Frau

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Toreador

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Tremere

-- Maxwell Ldescu -- Regent of Berlin -- Der Magus (The Magus)
-- Gotthold -- Chantry Guardian & Elder Gargoyle of Berlin	-- Falk -- Gargoyle bodyguard to Ldescu

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Ventrue

-- Gustav Breidenstein -- The Prince of Berlin	-- Wilhelm Waldburg -- The Eldest Son
-- Peter Kleist -- The Second Son	-- Katarina Kornfeld -- The Royal Daughter

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Das Reich der Toten: The Wraiths of Berlin

Berlin is city under Stygian control. Its Anacreon is no other than Otto von Bismarck, fettered by his fear for the fate of the nation he helped to create. Part of the Iron Legion, his regime is greatly appreciated by the local Wraiths. Under his leadership, the Necropolis of Berlin has become one of the most well-fortificated on the whole continent. Every Wraith that accepts his authority is granted regular access to Pardoners, protection of their Fetters, as well as consolation and counsel after being overtaken by their Shadow. In exchange, every wraith citizen is subject to compulsory military service, divided in corpses dedicated to one of the Legions. Each Legion, apart from the Legion of Fate, oversees one-seventh of city’s forces. Each military corps can elect on representative to act as a counselor to decision-making in the higher ranks. Civil issues are represented by neighborhood unions, who oversee civic disputes and bring issues before the military branches.

During the Night of Short Chains, the Grim Legion was unable to even marginally affect Bismarck’s rule. Any form of Guild representation is quickly destroyed and every Wraith that is caught in a public act of violence while not under control of their Shadow is sentenced to soulforging. Furthermore, the Necropolis is well defended by several animated Relics called the “Iron Champions”, formed from statues of General von Hindenburg that were erected during World War I and often destroyed in the riots following the defeat.

• -- Otto von Bismarck -- Anacreon of Berlin
• -- Walther Rathenau -- '
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